1、by+地点名词,表方位,意为:“在……旁边”。如:by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。
例,She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.她到了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
2、by+时间名词,意为:“到……时,在……之前”。如:by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of等。
例,By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。