后面加动词的ing形式。

by：

prep.靠近在…旁边常置于表示被动的动词后，表示使为者表示方式。

adv.经过表示保留或保存时用短暂拜访。 扩展资料

All the statistical computations were performed by the new software system.

所有的`统计计算均由新的软件系统完成。

They won by a single goal after extra time.

他们在加时赛中仅踢进一球即获胜。